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  • 1.  Medicine Bottles

    Posted 08-06-2025 18:59

    Hello!

    We operate a small local historical archive in central Illinois. We recently came across some old medicine bottles in our collections. They appear to be from drug stores that were present in our area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One bottle says it originally contained "boraic acid" and that is crossed out to say it contained "parfume oil." The cork that holds the liquid in is damaged as well. The other bottle says it contains "2/3 creo-terpin, 1/3 cocilliana." Both bottles contain a very small amount of liquid, presumably what is listed on their labels. My main question for you all is what sorts of immediate safety and/or health risks do these objects pose to our patrons and staff? Is it dangerous to have these chemicals in our collection and should we immediately dispose of them? While we are in possession of them, what sort of packaging, housing, storage, etc., techniques do you recommend? Aside from standard PPE of wearing nitrile gloves and masks, are there other precautionary measures patrons and staff should take when handling these materials? There's a chance we may ultimately look to deaccession these items down the road. Are there proper disposal techniques we should use, aside from disposal in standard waste dumpsters at our building? Should they be disposed of with local hazardous waste or medical waste collection facilities? We have little to no experience with handling these types of artifacts. Any and all help is greatly appreciated! I'd be happy to chat on the phone if that's easier, just let me know. Thank you!



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    Patrick Cain
    Champaign County Historical Archives Manager
    The Urbana Free Library
    Urbana
    United States
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  • 2.  RE: Medicine Bottles

    Posted 08-07-2025 10:45

    Contact your local, county, state about the proper way to dispose of unknown chemicals.

    The AIC WIKI has good information on how to handle this situation. https://www.conservation-wiki.com/wiki/Pharmaceutical_and_Medicinal_Collections



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    Brad Bredehoft
    CEO
    Museum Study, LLC
    Minneapolis MN
    BradBredehoft@MuseumStudy.com
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  • 3.  RE: Medicine Bottles

    Posted 08-07-2025 10:55
    Before throwing them check with other historical establishments. As a library they may not be of much interest to you yet another historical society or museum may be overjoyed to have them in their collection.





  • 4.  RE: Medicine Bottles

    Posted 08-12-2025 18:06

    C2C very recently hosted a webinar on this topic. I've not had a chance to see it yet, but you may find useful information in it. https://community.culturalheritage.org/discussion/now-available-c2c-care-july-2025-webinar-contained-curiosities-managing-of-solids-and-liquids-in-collections-recording-and-resources#bmad6d99dc-45d0-46ed-9549-c3f32ed61bc0



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    Marie Prentice
    Collections Manager
    Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research
    Tallahassee
    United States
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  • 5.  RE: Medicine Bottles

    Posted 08-13-2025 15:31
    Edited by Rhonda Brewer 08-13-2025 17:06

    We had a similar situation with historic medicine bottles in our collection and ultimately decided to keep the contents intact, placing the bottles in secondary containment in case of a spill.

    None of our bottles have markings indicating their contents. A conservator in our regional office attempted to assess potential toxicity using XRF, but the contents could not be analyzed through glass. Further analysis would have required taking a sample. For bottles with liquid contents, the corks are still intact and would have been destroyed to obtain a sample; bottles without corks contain dried materials that present less of a hazard than liquids.

    Removing the contents would also present issues. In addition to destroying the corks, the process of removing and disposing of the materials would be difficult and could damage the bottles themselves, and an integral part of the artifact's historical integrity and interpretive value would be lost. These bottles are original to the site and not only are the contents visually interesting, but they have also been intact since the civil war which is very cool.

    I have attached the storage recommendations prepared by our conservator, along with images of the containment solution created for these bottles.

    Cheers!



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    Rhonda Brewer
    Museum Curator
    Pecos National Historical Park
    Pecos, New Mexico
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    Attachment(s)



  • 6.  RE: Medicine Bottles

    Posted 15 days ago

    I've dealt with a few old apothecary bottles in a small museum setting, and honestly, the biggest risk is unknown degradation over time. Stuff like boric acid or creosote-based mixtures can irritate skin or lungs, especially if the seal is damaged. I wouldn't panic, but I also wouldn't leave them openly accessible. We kept ours in sealed secondary containers (like glass jars or lab-safe boxes) with clear labeling. Good ventilation helps a lot. Definitely avoid dumping them local hazardous waste disposal is the safer route. Also, limit handling and document everything before moving or storing them long-term.



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    Alias Jones
    Staten Island
    United States
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  • 7.  RE: Medicine Bottles

    Posted 14 days ago

    Hi Patrick,

    I'll second the advice already given. You haven't mentioned whether the two listed bottles are the sum of the collection, so I'll advise as though they aren't, as I know there are others who have these collections and may benefit as well. 

    I worked on a large inventory project at Shelburne Museum in Vermont some years ago involving c. 10k pharmaceutical/apothecary objects dating between the 1700s and the 1970s, and our team created a number of resources for other folks in the position of holding those collections. I have placed some links below to get you started (the bibliography of the second article would be good to gather where to look for your specific objects' ingredients), but some base advice: 

    While it is likely that the contents at least mostly match the label, you shouldn't assume that the contents themselves are chemically unchanged. Generally speaking the pharmaceutical industry has not tested long-term stability of products, and that is especially true for collections pre-dating the FDA legislation (i.e. 1906 at the earliest). Some previously common chemicals can crystallize into a more dangerous form (e.g. Picric Acid compounds). 

    So, protect yourself and your visitors by keeping them out of reach, mandating modern laboratory-style PPE usage (ventilation, masks, gloves, closed toe shoes, even a labcoat if you have one) while handling, and avoid opening them at all costs. If you notice any particular odor in the room they're stored (don't smell the bottles, please!), you should consider taking steps to contain the bottles and improving the ventilation of the room to avoid negative impacts of the off-gassing.

    If you want to continue to preserve them for your institution, you can research their contents and make decisions from there. Otherwise, if you'd like to deaccession them, reach out to your local solid waste management group -- they may take them for some cost on their community hazardous waste disposal days, and if not, there are national companies that work with hazardous waste. We worked with Clean Harbors, particularly for those chemicals that were too hazardous for our local solid waste management company to handle and those that we couldn't fully identify. Naturally, working with a larger company is much more expensive than the local waste management, and a better choice for either exceptionally hazardous materials or very large quantities.

    Definitely limit handling, especially before you know what you're looking at. My own practice was to take photos and notes with as minimal handling as possible so that I wouldn't run the risk of accidentally opening something hazardous to my health. 

    I would also pay close attention to any signs of damage to the containers. Age takes it's toll and so do the contents. If you have any bottles with a grey seal (similar to those on wine bottles) it might be made from lead, so you should watch out for powdery white material on or near those containers.

    Additionally, though the contents are quite aged, modern material safety sheets for the individual ingredients are a good place to start to get an idea of how to safely store and interact the contents. You should also review the list of materials nitrile gloves are protectant against and what they aren't to give you an idea of where they might be less effective. 

    NEMA article: https://nemanet.org/page/NEMN-S23-Bottle

    All Bottled Up: Hazard Assessment of an Historic Pharmaceutical Collection: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15501906241277500

    While I am no longer actively working with pharmaceutical collections, my journal co-authors Kerith Koss-Schrager and Nancie Ravenel would both be good resources for you. Nancie can give you access to other freely available resources including a spreadsheet of substances that I researched during the project.

    Best of luck with your collection!



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    Anna Fowler
    Curatorial Technician - Data Manager
    Bell Museum
    Saint Paul
    United States
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  • 8.  RE: Medicine Bottles

    Posted 11 days ago

    Hi Patrick,

    We get bottles with contents from archaeological sites, and have had them tested by Mark Warner at the University of Idaho. I would absolutely recommend contacting him and his team of researchers about safety and the possibility of testing them. I just contacted him offline to let him know I was going to recommend this option, so he won't be surprised to hear from you.  His contact info is mwarner@uidaho.edu.

    Best regards,

    Laura Phillips

    Archaeology Collections Manager

    Burke Museum

    Seattle, WA 98195

    206.685.3849x2



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    Laura Phillips
    Archaeology Collections Manager
    Burke Museum
    Seattle
    United States
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  • 9.  RE: Medicine Bottles

    Posted 11 days ago

    2/3 creo-terpin, 1/3 cocilliana is cough syrup. Parfume oil is an topical oil. Neither are particularly hazardous if you follow normal museum handling procedures. Talk to a pharmacist is you or your staff have any concerns.



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    Alan Hawk
    Museum Specialist
    National Museum of Health and Medicine
    Silver Spring MD
    alan.j.hawk.civ@health.mil
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